Born to Be Leaders free essay sample

Chiefs are expected to have administration abilities and works with representatives who require them for essential help and help with their employments. Chiefs are likewise answerable for improving and supporting the presentation and work endeavors of others. The procedure of the board, which incorporates †arranging, sorting out, driving and controlling, is the procedure that is utilized by all directors to perceive execution issues, openings, which permits them to make trustworthiness and accomplish execution objectives. So as to adequately follow the procedure of the executives, chiefs are required to have a lot of aptitudes. Basic administrative abilities incorporate the accompanying †specialized expertise, human aptitude and calculated aptitude. Specialized abilities are procured through conventional training and professional training. Undertakings, for example, bookkeeping or designing are models that requires specialized abilities subsequently features why preparing is significant. The possibility of human expertise is the capacity to work adequately with others which complement the significance of relational abilities of a trough. In conclusion, reasonable expertise is the capacity to fundamentally and scientifically see circumstances and take care of issues with an answer that is of the most noteworthy advantage for all gatherings. From the abovementioned, it is obvious that a chief requires a significant measure of abilities and as (Ryan, 2010) states, a director is one that â€Å"must be a handyman, yet in addition an ace of many†. The nature of being accommodating through correspondence will presently be analyzed to uncover on the off chance that it is an ability that a supervisor is brought into the world with, or would it be able to be accomplished through preparing. Many accept that powerful relational abilities are something that must be conceived inside an individual, which is just part evident. It is to be sure evident that one can be brought into the world with uncommon relational abilities, however viable relational abilities is something that is earned and aced after some time. It is the experience of a supervisor that takes into consideration viable correspondence which at that point prompts a thoughtful director. This thought is upheld by (Aimee, 2003) who accepts that in territories, for example, business tasks and venture the executives, there is a need for specialized correspondence to have more readiness and preparing. This underscores the way that relational abilities requires the best possible preparing and isn't an expertise that one can be brought into the world with. Being educated and mindful in dynamic is a theoretical ability that is expected of a decent chief consequently will be concentrated to uncover in the event that it is an expertise that a director is brought into the world with, or would it be able to be accomplished through preparing. Right off the bat, it is realized that with experience, one can improve and better adjust to unexpected circumstances during the procedure of dynamic. To abstain from being dumbfounded and get mindful rather, â€Å"it requires the utilization of social abilities to make powerful working connections all through the organization, organizing aptitudes to arrive at all territories of the association, and specialized information to give authority when required (Cervone, 2008). This features so as to gain theoretical aptitudes, the human ability of correspondence alongside specialized abilities is additionally required and as found in the above contention, it is obvious that human abilities require preparing and experience and indeed feature that administrative aptitudes are something that should be prepared, and not just an expertise that one is brought into the world with. An administrator requires specialized abilities, for example, bookkeeping aptitudes to monitor conceivable task reserves and so forth. Despite the fact that an administrator can appoint errands thus probably won't interact with much bookkeeping forms, a director despite everything should be set up to be drawn closer with issues and furthermore needs to check there is nothing amiss with the project’s financial plan. Bolstered by (Ryan, 2010) regarding library the executives, that â€Å"specialized preparing that was perceived as important by planned employers† was utilized to all the more likely teach and outfit administrators with abilities that they need. Likewise, â€Å"librarians experience an instant preparing plan for jobs in library the board and administration† (Ryan, 2010) to furnish them with abilities and information that is required. Beside the three fundamental administrative abilities, the most significant component of an administrator in anyone’s brain would be initiative. The possibility of administration is, to lead a gathering of individuals or association, or being in the situation of a pioneer, to guide and upgrade the exhibition of the gathering. By being a decent pioneer, it will at that point put you into the situation of a decent director. Individuals have a typical accept that a decent supervisor must have great administration abilities and that if a director is driving admirably, the administrator is progressing admirably, however individuals regularly disregard the individuals who follow the pioneer, henceforth the possibility of followership. Followership is essentially a gathering of devotees; to help the accomplishment of a pioneer or group. By expressing to not disregard the individuals who follow, it is recommending that a director who has unrivaled initiative abilities didn't accomplish this all alone, however credit ought to likewise go to the person who followed (Hollander, 1992). This features authority doesn't exist without followership. Stressing that regardless of whether one is brought into the world with prevalent initiative aptitudes, it doesn't make a difference on the grounds that it’ll be futile without your adherents, not to mention the way that nobody can be brought into the world with administration abilities. Administration can't be conceived inside an individual; it is an attribute that is created after some time, through encounters and preparing which at that point prompts a pioneer. It is striking that there are the individuals who are not reasonable to be pioneers, yet nobody can be conceived as a pioneer, or director, without the correct preparing and encounters. The following point that will be examined will be the generalization of â€Å"Men are destined to be pioneers/managers†. This thought was what many accepted not all that numerous years back yet is presently being refuted as we see an ascent in the quantity of ladies gaining a higher administration position all around the globe (Kusterer, 2008). This equitable highlights that nobody is destined to be a supervisor, yet rather, anybody can turn into a chief with the right preparing. This table features the territories wherein female supervisors exceed expectations over male in and stress the way that female chiefs have their solid focuses also; again accentuating the possibility that anybody can turn into a decent administrator in spite of sex contrasts with the right preparing and training. Above are the contentions that have been given this paper. With the meanings of what a decent director is and what they do, to why administrative abilities should be prepared and not just only a blessing. Likewise, the possibility that administration is nothing without followership, to the oust of the old generalization of â€Å"Men are destined to be leaders†. The entirety of the above contentions feature how no administrator can simply be brought into the world with its capacities, and that all originates from preparing and encounters that will permit them to have the right stuff of a decent chief. Catalog Aimee, L 2003, the aptitudes that specialized communicators need: an examination of specialized correspondence graduates, supervisors, and educational programs, Journal of Technical Writing and Communication, 33, 4, pp. 303-318, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, saw 1 September 2012. Hollander, EP 1992, The Essential Interdependence of Leadership and Followership, Current Directions In Psychological Science (Wiley-Blackwell), 1, 2, pp. 71-75, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, saw 1 September 2012. KUSTERER, H 2008, Exploring the sex composing of the executives attributes in a libertarian setting, Scandinavian Journal Of Psychology, 49, 6, pp. 549-557, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, saw 1 September 2012. Cervone, H 2008, Good undertaking chiefs are cluefull as opposed to dumbfounded, OCLC Systems amp; Services, 24, 4, pp. 199-203, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, saw 1 September 2012. Ryan, M 2010, Catching On: Management Training in Depository Libraries, Reference amp; User Services Quarterly, 50, 2, pp. 119-121, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, saw 1 September 2012.

Black Southenrner :: essays research papers

Dark Southerners      Over the years the vast majority of us have perused a lot about the organization of servitude and it’s consequences for this nation and the African American race in general. The truth is the greater part of us have just taken in certain data about bondage. There are just sure realities and recorded figures that we lean about. No to state that the data we misunderstand is, yet we were not shown the entire story. This could be because of the methodology of various educators or in light of the fact that school educational plans should concentrate on the fascinating realities and anecdotes about subjugation. The truth is there are a few territories that go immaculate when finding out about subjugation in many schools. Perusing the book Black Southerners was something else for me. It resembled somebody opened an entryway and when I entered in I discovered shrouded realities and information about an organization that tremendously affects my nation and this history of race.      John B. Boles is the creator of Black Southerners, and before he even examines bondage itself he recognizes that the vast majority have assumptions about subjection as well as about history all in all. Boles says: Some portion of the folklore each schoolchild in the United States learns†¦is that the settlement of Virginia accomplished fast flourishing upon the premise of slaves and tobacco. Accordingly, â€Å"the South† is expected to have existed as an underlying settlement, with little change until the disaster of the Civil War in 1861. Boles examines the beginnings of subjection in the seventeenth century and he plainly expresses the basic confusions of perusers and understudies: Some present-day perusers accept subjugation started in Jamestown in 1619†¦if such perusers know about slavery’s presence in the antiquated world, the expect it had gotten wiped out until New World ranches emerged with their voracity for modest work. Boles composes on how subjection was for sure something that began in the Ancient world, and furthermore it was not something that was racial inspired rather â€Å"as in the old framework, slaves were generally prisoners of war†¦with religion, not race, being the essential factor.† He ideas the way that â€Å"not all blacks were slaves.†      An significant component that ought not go unnoticed is the way Boles portrays how the establishment of subjection changed drastically after some time. In it’s early years it was a foundation that did not depend on race, however more on war, religion, and legitimate status.

Killer Mike, Lupe Fiasco, and the Dancing Body of the State

Killer Mike, Lupe Fiasco, and the Dancing Body of the State This week was surreal, like turning pages in a book of moving pictures. Here are some headlines: Thomas DeFrantz and the Dancing Body of the State Thursday afternoon, Thomas DeFrantz, a former MIT professor and current professor of African-American Studies and Dance at Duke, gave a profound lecture to a rapt and engaged audience. He began with a walk across the front of the room demonstrating a switch, a precise and confident shifting of weight and swaying of hips, and a beautiful sentence from his upcoming book on queer black social dance. He went on to discuss the politically embodied concepts and dances originating in African-American communities that enjoy concentrated popularity outside those communities: dances such as vogueing, J-setting, and hand dancing. He showed clips from the 1990 documentary Paris is Burning, of Madonnas popular simplification of vogueing, of Beyonce J-setting in the Single Ladies video and Mileys unconfident and profoundly uncool attempt to twerk, of Al Minns and Leon James dancing the Lindy Hop and other jazz dances of their time, of Michelle Obama as she becomes herself more and more, it seems, and that self is actively engaged in black social dance. Cynthia O 16 and I swooned in our seats and ate free shish kebabs afterwards while we talked to Tommy DeFrantz. I considered switching up my whole life plan and going for a Ph. D. literature, like the woman in the back of the room who asked good questions. There are so many new questions to ask. Killer Mike on Race Relations On Friday, Killer Mike of Run the Jewels faced a packed room. There were journalists, students, educators, locals. You can read about the event on Complex or Billboard. Below are the bits I scribbled down. On race: Im qualified to be here because I am a black man in America, and that does not make me independent of AmericaI am as American as apple pie and slavery. Solving racism has less to do with politics and more to do withlook around youlook to the left and the right like you in black churchyour life, your circle of friends should look like this. They should not all look like you. The problems are not outside of us, they are within us. This needs to be something substantial. Not look, we got Killer Mike at MIT. Im not here to get you to buy a CD. I dont care if you come to my next show. If youre not interacting with and befriending people who dont look like you, you are not doing enough. If were willing to broaden our minds, the horizon is endless. Its time we take ourselves off the teams we were born on. I am an advocate for the people who are the most oppressed being the primary organizers of action against that oppression. In response to a question asking what new technology he would have MIT students invent: What technology puts people in the same room? What technology exists to get people in a circle? I believe in the power of human interaction. Too much of our communication now occurs between the cold crevices of keyboards and encourages people to be mean. You get fed rage from the time you wake up. If youre a liberal you get fed liberal rage. If youre conservative you get conservative rage. And then someone posts something online you dont like and you give it to them. But we dont pay attention to the real brutalities happening around us. On Atlanta: Atlanta worked. Atlanta is the potential of the African-American in this country fulfilled. Atlanta taught me to unpack a lot of my racial thinking. When the only people around you to blame look like you, you have to think about the other variables, like class. A lot of what I was mistaking for racism was classism. This shit is not just about race. Its about a class of people thinking they are entitled to something. He talked about the importance of diversity and cultural exchange. We should make sure the design team reflects the people who are wearing [products], buying them. He urged people to reach out, to think bravely, to take Louis Vuitton and Gucci to task for suing Dapper Dan out of business and then snatching up and peddling his innovations. He spoke from a place of knowledge, experience and compassion on community organizing and policing. He discussed Run the Jewelss new music video for the song Close Your Eyes, which represents the futile and exhausting existence of a purgatory-like law enforcement system. There is no neat solution at the end because there is no neat solution in the real world. However, there is an opportunity to dialogue and change the way communities are policed in this country. Lupe Fiasco at MIT SpringFest We stood at the top of the stadium, high up against the back wall, where the spotlights shone out in thin beams of thick yellow. We were so close to the lights I was afraid every time they swiveled that my shadow would be cast over the whole crowd. We watched and danced and were wildly in love with Lupe. Black Market The Cambridge Community Center is a six-minute ride from my house. There is a regular roaming market of artists and vendors selling old records, old clothes, crafts, zines, and more. There were lots of beautiful punks and hippies. I rubbed some free-sample shea butter on my hands and bought a literary and arts zine called Infinite Scroll, which contains poems, pictures, comics, essays, stories, and a beautiful collection of photographs of Marfa, Texas. Dudley The Center for High-Energy Metaphysics Co-op comes to pika Harvard has a co-op, too. Yesterday I grated about ten pounds of cheese for macaroni and brewed rosewater lemonade with dried rose petals and lavender (above). They brought blueberry-pear pies. We sat on the front porch and talked about co-op things like consensus-based decion-making and collective grocery shopping.

Homosexuality rights - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 929 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/10/30 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Homosexuality Essay Did you like this example? Homosexuality has been a controversial topic for many different reasons since the birth of established religion. Although, common in the ancient world, homosexuality and its acceptance radically dropped following the rise of Christianity. Therefore, by the time Eisenhower was President his views, as where most of the country, were negative to such sexual deviancies. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Homosexuality rights" essay for you Create order It was believed that homosexuality was a condition that had to be treated by psychologies and furthermore that it was a national security threat to the nation because of how susceptible they were to be blackmailed. The backdrop of these events was the 1950s. A time of the ideal perfect family with 2.5 kids. Where the man was the breadwinner and the woman were to state home and take care of the children. In this extremely conservative family centric society is where this homosexuality trials and hunt took place inside the Federal Government. Believing that homosexuality was a threat to national security, Eisenhower through executive order 10450 sought to banish all gay man and woman from serving in the Federal government, through the use of interrogations, polygraphs and other dubious means. The threat of communism suddenly enveloped the whole of the United States soon after the war. There was a mass hysteria that there were people that were working to undermine U.S. interest and way of life. It was believed that communism wanted to destroy the core of American values, which at the time meant the family core. 1950s was a time were everything was done by tradition. This traditional way of living didnt have space for homosexual behavior. The fears of communism spreading offer the perfect cover for Eisenhowers clean the house policies. He believed that homosexuals were persons of low moral character. That homosexuality was an unforgivable lack of moral character, and therefore it opens the individuals to being blackmailed by agents of communism. It was believed at the time that their homosexual nature will make them reveal secrets under duress for fear of not being outed. Therefore, all Federal jobs had to be homosexual free for the security of the nation. This purge, nonet heless was based solely on sexual orientation and had little to nothing to do with the spread of communism. The belief in this was best summarized the following way: These perverts will frequently attempt to entice individuals to engage in perverted practices One homosexual can pollute a Government office. Homosexuality of course was illegal at the time, making it easier for Eisenhower to pass his national security reforms. The rationality at the time was that a person could be loyal to the country yet still posed a security risk. The reason to fire said individuals can be best summarized by General, Herbert Brownell Jr, when he stated: Employees could be a security risk and still not be disloyal or have any traitorous thoughts, but it may be their personal habits are such that they might be subject to blackmail by people who seek to destroy the safety of our country. In order to put in practice Eisenhowers desire for cleaning house there were special forces that were set up to deal with complaints, or suspicious of someone being a homosexual. Gestapo like practices were implemented as well, as thousands of mails where being opened to make sure there was no signs of homosexual behavior. The mission was to: eliminate all types of sex perverts from the rolls of the department. A unit was created called: The Miscellaneous M Unit This unit was involved both on interrogation where there was a good cop bad cop style of asking the questions and polygraph testing. If a person was convicted or thought of being sexually perverted, they could take a polygraph test to determine their innocence. After a member was accused of homosexuality there were only two outcomes, either he or she was cleared of all charges, or they were asked to resign. Sadly, most investigations ended in confessions and therefore firings. Homosexuality was perceived as a such a big threa t that even after people were fired from the Federal Government they were blacklisted from international organizations as well. The main reason why they were perceived as such a huge threat to a family life was because it was believed to be sinful, perverted, the boring 50s were a time where America went back to Elizabethan family values. Tradition stated that a man was to marry a woman and then procreate and have children. The man will become the breadwinner and the woman will be the one in charge of the house. Tradition was so entrenched at the time that two kids was consider the perfect American family. In a world with so many uncertainties due to the Cold War, Americans found refuge in embracing old family values. Homosexuality was an aberration to this family values. In their minds, homosexuality seeks to corrupt and destroy the traditions they held so dearly, and therefore was in turn a national security problem. Homosexuality rights have come a long way since the days of the Eisenhowers administration. Not only is homosexuality not illegal anymore, but they even have the right to marry now a day. It is important to remember events like this so that this kind of systematic discrimination doesnt happened again. In an ever-changing world with new threats and alarming events its important to make sure that basic human rights are always upheld. The Cold War in a lot of ways brought the worst of some people back in the 50s. Its important to make sure as a nation that this never happens again.

Criminal Justice Trends Essay - 1572 Words

The criminal justice system is a group of institutions that work together to protect a society, prevent and control crime, and maintain justice; enforcing the laws regulated by society. As the years have gone by and society has evolved; so have the criminal justice system and its methods to accomplish its role in society. This short analysis will evaluate the main facts that have been affecting the criminal justice system for decades and have influenced the evolution the justice system is enduring in a changing society (Muraski, 2009). Amongst the changes in the system, we will discuss the effect the changes have had on the citizens and how their perceptions have evolved as well. In the criminal justice system three major agencies can†¦show more content†¦Specific characteristics that interlink these three agencies are discretion, resource dependence, sequential tasks, and filtering (Cole, 2008). All phases of the justice system reflect the freedom to make a decision according to the own judgment of the agent that is working with a case at the moment. The abuse of discretion leads to the most notable issue that affects the accuracy and effectiveness of the system, discrimination. Even thought discretion is one of the most important characteristic of the system because the American criminal justice does not have the tools to treat each individual case the same way, on the other hand the system can’t afford to have every single case leading to an investigation. American criminal justice to be effective needs accuracy due to the resource dependence of each agency has on another. Every decision made between all these agencies is sequential. To have a case seen in court, an arrest has to be made by a police officer, then and prosecutors and judges have the responsibility of adjudication, then correction implement the punishment according to the prior decisions makers. When discussing the process of implementing the law, the filtering process is very important; this is process in which cases are screened by law enforcement officials and the decision to handle it at the current level is made or the case is passed on to the next level. As you can see, all agencies are linked together and in theory should workShow MoreRelatedCriminal Justice Trends1537 Words   |  7 PagesCriminal Justice Trends CJA/484 3/17/2013 David Sanders Jr | The criminal justice system is always changing to help secure and protect society. Even though many times areas of law enforcement are over looked due to changes, the facts still remain that the number one priority of law enforcement is to see that the streets that we walk during the day and night are safe and secure even though one main ingredient has been lost with the progression of law enforcement. So in this paper I will focusRead MoreCriminal Justice Trends Evnaluatio1253 Words   |  6 PagesCriminal Justice Trends Evaluation 1 Criminal Justice Trends Evaluation December 10, 2012 CJA/394 Troy Hokanson Criminal Justice Trends Evaluation 2 Introduction The criminal justice system is very important to American society. The reason for laws are to defend society from harm, makeRead MoreCriminal Justice Trends Evaluation1581 Words   |  7 Pages394 WEEK 1 Criminal Justice Trends Evaluation Criminal Justice Trends Evaluation John Doe CJA 394 October 01, 2001 Jane Doedy Criminal Justice Trends Evaluation The criminal justice system is forever adjusting to protect and serve a changing society. The paper evaluates, identifies and assesses recent future and current trends affecting the criminal justice system. Lastly, it defines the values of the system in a changing society. Recent trends affecting the criminal justice system areRead MoreInternational Criminal Justice Trends1122 Words   |  5 Pagescurrent International justice system trends Federalism reigned in most of the regions and this dictated that the national justice system had to handle any criminal case that could have risen. The atrocities such as genocide have broken the barriers and have become a global outcry and this has warranted the formation of the International Criminal Court that is based in Hague. This signifies the need to fight crime as a joint effort thus coming up with international law. Truth and justice commissions haveRead MoreEssay on Criminal Justice Trends Evaluation1584 Words   |  7 PagesCriminal Justice Trends Evaluation Paper Jerry J Lynch Jr February 20, 2012 CJA/394 - Contemporary Issues and Futures in Criminal Justice Darren Gil, Faculty University of Phoenix Criminal Justice Trends Evaluation The criminal justice field is an ever evolving field. 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Anderson Everest University Online CCJ 1017-52 Criminology Jamie Onion April 8, 2012 Utilizing everything you have learned about crime and criminal behavior this term, you will now have the opportunity to think about the future of our society and how the criminal justice system should prepare. Identify and discuss the societal trends that will impact the criminal justice system over the next ten years. The societal trends thatRead MoreCriminal Justice Trends Essay1475 Words   |  6 Pagesunderstatement to say there weren’t any trends that the criminal justice system was being plagued with. Between gangs, terrorism and crime in general we have a huge problem on our hands rather it be old news and a new crime trend. For the criminal justice system right now the possible retaliation from terrorist and what sort of technology advancement they might come with is going to be at the top of our list. In the past (early 2000) the criminal justice system found problems with a demandingRead MoreCriminal Justice Trends Evaluation1530 Words   |  7 PagesCriminal Justice Trends Evaluation University of Phoenix Contemporary Issues and Future in Criminal Justice People in society continuously change therefore people continue to evolve as our perceptions change. In this paper the student will assess the past, present, and future trends in the interface between elements of the criminal justice system. In the assessment the student will evaluate the criminal justice connections with surrounding society. The student will identifyRead MoreCriminal Justice Trends Paper1893 Words   |  8 PagesCriminal Justice Trends Paper CJA/484 December 16, 2013 Criminal Justice Trends Paper Introduction For the past 50 years, America’s criminal justice system has encountered several significant changes dealing with courts and policing. According to Marion and Oliver (2006), the historical Supreme Court rulings like Mapp v. Ohio and Miranda v. Arizona mold the way courts and law enforcement handle individuals charged with committing crimes. This paper will discuss the evolution of courts

Ivan the Terrible Free Essays

Candice Ivan IV, Tsar of Russia is better known as Ivan the terrible. In the following paragraphs I will depict major events in his life and the role he played in Russia. I will also exhibit the many positive things that he did. We will write a custom essay sample on Ivan the Terrible or any similar topic only for you Order Now As well as the negative things that he did to Russian society during his reign of thirty-seven years. I will debate the fact that Ivan IV was nick named Ivan the terrible. Ivan IV, Tsar of Russia is better known as Ivan the terrible. In the following paragraphs I will depict major events in his life and the role he played in Russia. I will also exhibit the many positive things that he did. As well as the negative things that he did to Russian society during his reign of thirty-seven years. I will debate the fact that Ivan IV was nick named Ivan the terrible. Ivan IV was born on August 25, 1530, in Moscow. He was the son of Vasily III, the grand duke of Moscow, who died when Ivan was just three years old. His mother Yelena Glinskaya who was from a leading noble family established a regency, which soon became nothing but corruption and wild violence as rival families feuded the dominance of the Ginskaya family. After Yelena Glinkaya died in 1538 the misrule continued after that. Ivan was crowned in 1547, but not as grand duke but as a tsar. In the same year he married Anastasia Romonov. Anastasia died on 1560, and Ivan remarried many times. Ivan died March 18,1584. Ivan IV made many positive attributes. From the year 1547-1560 are considered to be the really productive period of Ivan’s reign. During this period Ivan appointed an advisory council. Ivan also founded a national assembly in 1549, and enacted reforms in the local government . He also drew up a new law code in 1550. He also regulated the responsibilities and jobs of the aristocracy. Expansion of Russia eastward also started during this period. And finally trading began with the English, Dutch, and the French. Ivan IV made many negative attributes as well. In 1560 when Anastasia died marked the end of Ivan’s productive period. Ivan IV was increasingly powerful and he turned against his advisors, because he was convinced that they had caused her death, backed by rival Nobel families. Ivan threatened to abdicate unless the nobles were punished. Ivan left Moscow in 1564, and settled in a village called Aleksandrovsk. The confused people of Moscow begged Ivan to return . Ivan eventually returned to Moscow under two conditions. First, he had to have the right to punish traitors, executing them necessary and keeping their stuff. Secondly, he had a political and territorial subdivision called â€Å"the oprichnia† was to be established, and managed completely under the tsar. Ivan IV also known as Ivan the terrible. Ivan the terrible led a very eventful life. Ivan had many negative attributes. As well as positive attributes. If you put things in perspective all of these things balance off. So was Ivan IV really terrible? , you be the judge. How to cite Ivan the Terrible, Papers

The Importance of Teaching

Questions: 1. What is the importance of teaching literature to young learners? 2. What are the strengths and weaknesses of using drama in class?3. How can you use a story (use one story as example) to ensure the following types of development: i. Language development ii. Intellectual development iii. Personality development iv. Social and moral development v. Aesthetic and creative development 4. What are the motivating activities that can be conducted in order to encourage reading in the class? Answers: 1. The Importance of Teaching literature to young learners The method in which life is anticipated or thought can be easily related to the study of literature. This study is the method in which people in various parts of the world in almost all hours connect to and intend to gather information and wisdom relating to different experiences in human life. This study further renders a chance to the people to correspond with the future. Through literature any person can identify the claims of the future and also share the past (Hughes, 2000). It is only form of study that makes a person travel from the real world to the imaginary world. Regarding the young reader or the learner it can be stated that these learners are students basically from the primary as well as the preprimary schools. Research states that when children are around six years old their development with regard to the ability to learn language begins and it continues until they reach puberty (Qu, 2010). Since puberty, gradually the rate of development with regard to the language area decreases. Generally, it has been observed that the basic nature of the young learners is more or less the same and did not change much with the changes in the countries and this shows that the primary principles with regard to the psychological and methodological nature is the same in which ever country they are in. Presently, literature is used as away to teach the fundamental skills of language such as the skills relating to reading or listening or writing or speaking (Chen, 2014). Literature is one good way to improve the vocabulary or grammar or the pronunciation of any individual. Some of the most essential advantages of literature are firstly this gives a number of different styles for writing and representing different uses of the language (Hughes, 2000). Secondly, it helps students to develop skills on reading. Thirdly, it acts as a springboard for coming up with a number of writings and discussions. Fourthly, this study of literature generally combines intellectual qualities along with emotions and motivates the student and develops him personally. Fifthly, since it is usually culture related, it forms a part of the general education (Williams, 2013). Sixthly, this study further supports creative thinking and finally is also increases the knowledge of the students and makes them aware of the conflicting situations. Hence it can be stated that literature increases the language skills of the students and also helps them to experience pleasure and education simultaneously. 2. The strengths and weaknesses of using drama in class There are a number of strengths as well as weaknesses of using drama in the classroom. To begin with, one of the primary advantages of using drama in the classroom is that the use of drama tends to increase the motivation of the students; it further increases the confidence of the students and helps to improve their fluency with the language. Students also learn to communicate through their body language. Some other advantages of drama would be to help the students explore the various ranges of emotions that are present in any human being. It helps to develop the creative and spontaneous nature of the students (Williams, 2002). Drama provides for the opportunities for the students to form groups and better express themselves. It gives confidence to the students, increases trust and cooperation among the students. It further develops the performance skills of the students. Drama assists in better communication techniques. It gives an idea to the speakers to exchange different ideas an d make fresh decisions. It further increases the use of English by the students (Wood, 2002). It improves involvement and decision making skills of the students. Some other advantages of introducing drama in schools would be that as a result of these drama cultures the competency of students increases. It also increases the fluency of the students and prepares the students by increasing their awareness and sensitivity for the students and prepares them for the various real life systems. However, there are a number of disadvantages of introducing drama in the schools for the students. Sometimes using drama for the purposes of learning may sometimes fail (Wood, 2002). The primary reasons for this would be that using drama as a tool to teach students and make them learn in those situations would make the teaching more artificial. Further in most cases the situation become irrelevant in accordance to the requirements of the young learners (Guevara Ordoez, 2013). Also it becomes difficult to monitor the students verbally as well as physically. Teachers generally fear that the use of drama in studies would cause an unlimited fun among the students and divert the attention from studies. Drama also tends to cause awkwardness and embarrassment for some students who are more grown up than the others. Another significant disadvantage of drama would be that many incorrect forms of the language is learnt by the students during these drama sessions and also all the forms of acti vities in the drama may not be suitable for all kind of students. Nevertheless, it may be noted that these problems may be solved if a careful planning is carried out by the teachers. Also the teachers should be able to convince themselves that such activities would be effectively used to encourage the students and bring about a positive change in the learning. 3. Using a story to ensure the following types of development: The idea of storytelling has always been considered as an appropriate tool to teach and learn. This method of storytelling generally makes the students experience fresh things and generate new senses. It helps to improve the relationship between the students among themselves and amongst others. It also helps to develop their language, intellect, personality, social, moral and creative environment. As an example the story of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory by well-known author Roald Dahl has been considered (Dahl Schindelman, 1964). Language development The story of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory has been written by British novelist and short story writer Roald Dahl and the language in which it is written is extremely prolific. Hence the story when told to the students will genuinely clear the concepts and the intricacies of the English language to the students (DemircioÄÅ ¸lu, 2010). Further it would increase the strength of vocabulary of the students as they learn new words and also understand their meaning. Further, storytelling improves the grammar of the students. Intellectual development With regard to the intellectual development, when listeners are told the story, they would probably imagine the story in their minds. Also they can be made to act the story in the form of a skit and add their own inputs in the story while enacting the story. The listeners can be also permitted to draw in their own manner the story after listening to the story. Hence it can be observed that through this manner of story telling the intellect of the students are developed. The story of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory by Roald Dahl once narrated by the teacher, the students can be asked to narrate the story again through drawings or sketches. This would show how the students have used their imaginative minds and how attentive they were while listening to the stories. Personality development Generally a story helps to define the variety of events that is happening in the daily life. It is these experiences that are used to develop stories by humans. Hence the personal characters of the stories generally help to recognize the different characters that are present in the real lives. Usually the adults take it for granted that the stories and their daily occurrences are connected. However, the children are required to learn this through the process of telling and listening to stories. Most of the stories like the one talked about here that is Charlie and the Chocolate Factory by Roald Dahl have a sequence, followed by progressions of the events. As a result the children learn the different patterns of behaviors as well as the actions that take place in the daily lives. Hence this is the time when the students learn to develop themselves personally. They learn a number of things in story telling ranging from how to modulate the voice, projection of the voice to the art of bo dy language. Personality development also includes body language, speaking during extempore and the ability to create stories and tell them. Social and moral development By giving an opportunity to the students to listen to stories, they also receive a chance to participate in various group discussions relating to the story and in this manner the children get an opportunity to develop public speaking skills and improve their speaking and learning skills (Brown, 2008). In most cases in the story of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, the story ends with a moral and this act as a social development of the children. In this sphere a number of questions may be asked to the students as to what they learnt from the story or what are the things that the students liked in the story. These questions and discussions on the stories would help the children in various ways (Qu, 2010). This would help the students to think about the motives of the characters and therefore understand their actions and personalities. This gives them the opportunity to think about the ethics, values and morality. Aesthetic and creative development In order to improve the creative skills of the students the listeners can be told to say additional stories about the story that has been narrated to them. The children are allowed to make up the stories or they may also include real life experiences or any made up stories. Also the students can be told to change or vary the story according to their will. This shows that the idea of storytelling gives an opportunity to the students to create mental images and this helps to bring out their colorful imaginations that they have (Saboor Hussain, 2013). Further the reasoning capabilities of the students are also activated when they are given a chance to discuss about those messages. Hence the use of story can be essentially used to apply the creative thinking and this helps them to apply the creativeness in their own real lives. This would help the children to be more aware of the thoughts of their surrounding people and their own. This further helps them to be more articulate. 4. Motivating activities that can be conducted in order to encourage reading in the class Motivation can be termed as that kind of an inspiration that guides a human being to achieve certain goals. Generally students can be guided by internal or external motivation (Brown, 2008). Motivating students to read in the classroom is one area that needs to be focused and research has shown that students who are motivated to read more are more inclined to read than those who are not motivated (Tugrul Mart, 2012). In order to motivate the students, one of the methods would be to identify the accomplishments of the students in reading by choosing one student to go the office of the principal to read to him or her. Other games can be conducted in order to make the students read books. Games such as musical books can be conducted. In the game the students would be divided into two groups and are made to read the book under the chair they sit (Weldon, 2010). Another motivational game would be to make the children solve puzzles. Book reports can be created and students may be made to make word search on graph paper (Wilkinson, 2005). These are then exchanged with the class members and later laminated. These are then exchanged a number of times and these make wonderful seat activities for checking out different variety of books. These kinds of motivating games may be conducted in the class so that they students get more inclined to read books. References Brown, D. (2008). Why and how textbooks should encourage extensive reading.ELT Journal,63(3), 238-245. doi:10.1093/elt/ccn041 Chen, M. (2014). Teaching English as a Foreign Language through Literature.TPLS,4(2). doi:10.4304/tpls.4.2.232-236 Dahl, R., Schindelman, J. (1964).Charlie and the chocolate factory. New York: Knopf. DemircioÄÅ ¸lu, Ã…Å ¾. (2010). Teaching English vocabulary to young learners via drama.Procedia - Social And Behavioral Sciences,2(2), 439-443. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.03.039 Guevara, D., Ordoez, C. (2013). Teaching english to very young learners through authentic communicative performances.Colombian Applied Linguistics Journal,14(2), 9. doi:10.14483/udistrital.jour.calj.2012.2.a01 Hughes, A. (2000). Teaching English to young learners.ELT Journal,54(2), 198-200. doi:10.1093/elt/54.2.198 Qu, Y. (2010). Culture Understanding in Foreign Language Teaching.English Language Teaching,3(4). doi:10.5539/elt.v3n4p58 Saboor Hussain, M. (2013). English Language Teaching to Young Learners: Possible Pitfalls after Lowering the Age of Compulsory English in Pakistan.IJALEL,2(3), 95-99. doi:10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.2n.3p.95 Tugrul Mart, C. (2012). Encouraging Young Learners to Learn English through Stories.English Language Teaching,5(5). doi:10.5539/elt.v5n5p101 Weldon, C. (2010). Tolle Lege: Using Student Confessions to Encourage Student Reading.Teaching Theology Religion,13(4), 373-373. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9647.2010.00650.x Wilkinson, I. (2005). Motivating Reading on Motivating Reading.Psyccritiques,50(14). doi:10.1037/040292 Williams, M. (2002). Teaching Languages to Young Learners. L. Cameron.ELT Journal,56(2), 201-203. doi:10.1093/elt/56.2.201 Williams, M. (2013). Teaching Young Learners to Think.ELT Journal,67(2), 261-263. doi:10.1093/elt/cct011 Wood, C. (2002). Parent-child pre-school activities can affect the development of literacy skills.J Res In Reading,25(3), 241-258. doi:10.1111/1467-9817.00173

Background Of Computerization In Bangladesh Information Technology Essay Essays

Background Of Computerization In Bangladesh Information Technology Essay Essays Background Of Computerization In Bangladesh Information Technology Essay Essay Background Of Computerization In Bangladesh Information Technology Essay Essay Modern scientific discipline has advanced quickly in the station modern period. It has been possible by the dints of computing machine. Use of computing machine began in Bangladesh in the sixtiess and assumed wider dimension in the 1890ss. Information Technology is today a well-known affair. IT began to presume greater acceptableness in this state from the center of the 1890ss. The first computing machine in Bangladesh ( erstwhile East Pakistan ) was installed at the atomic energy centre, Dhaka of Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission in 1964. It was an IBM Mainframe Computer of 1620 series. The chief usage of the machine was deciding complicated mathematical computations in different research plant. In the 1960ss rapid enlargement of bank and insurance every bit good as trade and commercialism including scientific research at both place and abroad increased manifold the volume of everyday accounting plants which necessitated celerity in this occupation. In many o f the large organisations, care of histories manually became about impossible. During this period a figure of large organisations of the state set up dearly-won Mainframe Computer. The so Habib Bank installed IBM 1401 computing machine while the United Bank used IBM 1901 in the late 1960ss. These computing machines belonging to the 3rd coevals Mainframe type were chiefly used for full accounting plants of these Bankss. Before the independency, an IBM 360 computing machine was set up at the Bureau of Statistics in 1969. A Mainframe computing machine was besides installed at Adamjee Jute Mills during the same period. Before independency, inclusion of computing machine hardware and package related classs in the course of study of Mathematics, Physics, Applied Physics and Electronics at university degree instruction began, though in a limited way.After independency cybernations procedure in this state got a new jet. In this mode bangladesh agency of statistics, played an of import funct ion. Large computing machines like IBM 370, IBM 9100 and IBM 4341 etc were installed in this organisation in stages since 1972. The development of cybernation procedure in this organisation still continues and different powerful computing machines and other extremist modern IT equipment of subsequent coevalss have since been installed at that place. In September 1979 an IBM 370 and an IBM 4331 Mainframe Computer were introduced at the bangladesh university of technology and engineering ( BUET ) and BUET Computer Centre was besides established. This Computer Centre has been playing a pioneering function in leaving computing machine instruction in Bangladesh and circulating computing machine engineering in the state. atomic energy research ESTABLISHMENT ( AERE ) at Savar installed an IBM 4341 Mainframe Computer in 1981. The Dhaka University Computer Centre began its journey with an IBM 4331 Mainframe Computer in 1985. The innovation of microprocessor by the Intel Corporation of the Un ited States in 1971 brought about a revolution in the form and capableness of computing machine. Microprocessor based computing machines started to look in the markets. Personal Computer or Personal computer innovated by the IBM ( International Business Machines ) company hit the market in 1981. Later on high-octane microprocessors began to germinate one after another aboard powerful Personal computers. The IBM did non maintain any prohibitive ordinance about fabricating IBM compatible computing machines from the really get downing. This brought about radical alterations in their monetary values and their utilizations besides multiplied. On the other manus Apple Computer Incorporate besides released in the market Apple-Macintosh computing machine evolved by them. But the Apple did non follow any broad policy in doing their compatible computing machine and therefore the monetary value of Macintosh computing machine remained really high that precluded it from accomplishing expected popularity. Nevertheless, due to some particular practical privileges Apple-Macintosh were widely used peculiarly in publishing industries. Personal computers became easy available due to its easy usage and bargain rate in monetary value. As a consequence, usage of Personal computers started to increase in Bangladesh chiefly since the last portion of the 1880ss, particularly in instruction and concern concerns. However, wider usage of computing machine in Bangladesh accelerated from the ninetiess. Invention of Bangla package Bangla authorship in computing machine was first materialized in 1987 and an applied scientist viz. Mainul Islam deserved the claim of this success. He managed to compose Bangla in Apple-Macintosh computing machine utilizing his self-evolved fount Mainulipi . In this chase the conventional English keyboard was used without utilizing any separate keyboard for Bangla. The difference in type and signifier of Bangla and English alphabets and the jobs associating to Bangla conjunct letters were solved utilizing the advantage of four bed keyboard of Macintosh. Two more Bangla fount, viz. Shahidlipi and Jabbarlipi were evolved instantly after Mainulipi. Following twelvemonth, Internet Explorer in 1988 the first Interface Bijoy functional in Apple-Macintosh computing machine was built under the protections of a non-government administration Anando Computers . The layout of the first Bangla keyboard was besides composed during this clip. Among the initial keyboards, Bijoy and Munir are deserving adverting. In the Interface technique, the Bangla keyboard is attached with the Operating System ( OS ) of the computing machine and Bangla is inscribed in the computing machine by triping this keyboard and choosing a Bangla fount. Bijoy, being a Macintosh based interface and the monetary value of Apple-Macintosh computing machine being excessively high, figure of its users was limited. Its usage was practically confined to printing and publications. Following the usage of Bangla in computing machine, function of computing machine in offices and publishing industries in Dhaka quickly assumed a great dimension. Exportable package development in Bangladesh commenced in 1995 while exportable multimedia system development began in 1997 Use of Internet and e-mail Though the usage of Internet worldwide spread quickly in 1990, Bangladesh joined the bandwagon much later. Use of Internet in the state started in 1995 for the first clip in a limited manner through offline electronic mail. VSAT ( Very Small Aperture Terminal ) was foremost set up in 1996 for Internet intent. Online Internet connexion started mushrooming through an Internet Service Provider ( ISP ) by the name ISN. At present there are more than 50 ISPs in the state ; of these lone BTTB ( Bangladesh Telegraph and Telephone Board ) is authorities owned. Most of the ISPs are Dhaka based. However on-line Internet installations are now besides available outside Dhaka in metropoliss like Chittagong, Sylhet, Khulna, Rajshahi, Bogra and Cox s Bazar. Uses and Applications of Computer: In Bangladesh today computing machine is being used in research and educational establishments, authorities and private organisations, concern concerns including bank and insurance, industries, Millss and mills, military installings etc. Among the authorities offices, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics is the largest user of computing machines. The Statistical Bureau at present utilizations computing machine at every stage of saving, processing and analyzing of informations collected from assorted studies including preparation of database.In fiscal establishments including Bankss, peculiarly in private Bankss, care of database and extension of assorted services are progressively acquiring computing machine based. Computerization is besides bit by bit under manner in authorities Bankss. Foreign Bankss played a pioneering function in presenting computerized fiscal minutess in Bangladesh. By utilizing computing machine engineering, these Bankss are being able to give better services to the ir clients by set uping links with inter-branch, inter-bank every bit good as inter-continental Bankss. Most of the local private Bankss are following this today. Some local and foreign Bankss separately or jointly have been running Automatic Teller Machine ( ATM ) web by utilizing computing machine engineering. ATM card device is fast distributing in the state s chief metropoliss. Credit card has besides become popular all over the state since origin in 1999. At present, companies like VISA, Master Card and VANIK are covering with this computing machine based Credit Card Service which is a safe and easy device of pecuniary minutess. Very late a figure of foreign Bankss have introduced Electronic Fund Transfer Service. Microchip installed Smart Cards are besides going popular in the state bit by bit. This device has been proved to be really utile specially in refunding of measures of assorted services oriented organisations and companies. Various engineering based sections and burea us of the Bangladesh Government viz SPARRSO ( Space Research and Remote Sensing Organization ) , Bangladesh Meteorological Department, Survey of Bangladesh, Water Resources Planning Organization ( WARPO ) , Geological Survey of Bangladesh, etc are utilizing computing machine in preparation of their database and function. In peculiar, by utilizing GIS ( Geographic Information Systems ) package, pulling of assorted types of adept maps at shorter clip is being possible. Bangladesh Meteorological Department is now able to supply faster and more accurate conditions prognosis by analysing meteoric informations collected from orbiters and preparation of maps through computing machine. This is enabling people to take readyings during times of natural jeopardies and diminishing the volume of amendss to much extent. Besides, analyses associating to endure and climatic alterations are besides being possible through computing machine mold. Bangladesh Election Commission has taken up a undertaki ng to fix a unflawed elector list with the aid of computing machine. Different authorities and non-government administrations are utilizing Data Base Application Software to run into their several demands. Though these package were imported from abroad in the yesteryear, at present assorted local package companies are being engaged in most of the instances to do these customised software.The direction and running of big graduated table and of import industrial concerns of the state are now to much extent dependant on computing machine engineering peculiarly those industries where it is basically of import to maintain integral the qualitative criterion of the goods produced. For illustration, pharmaceutical industries. In these mills, qualitative criterion of drugs is being ensured with the aid of computing machine. Computer organisations In 1983 a national commission was formed aimed at buying computing machines to provide to the authorities demands. In 1988 the commission was renamed as the National Computer Board. This Board was further reformed in 1989 and was made into an establishment under the Ministry of Science and Technology in the name of Bangladesh Computer Council ( BCC ) . BCC has now been working as a authorities advisory organic structure on computing machine. Computer instruction The institutional computing machine instruction began in Bangladesh in 1984 with the initiation of the Computer Science and Engineering Department in BUET. The Computer Science Department at Dhaka University was established on 1st September 1992. At present sections for computing machine instruction have been opened in most authorities and non-government universities in the state every bit good as in four BITS ( Bangladesh Institute of Technology ) . Computer Science classs has besides been opened at Honours degree in a figure of colleges affiliated with the National University. Computer instruction has been included in the course of study at higher secondary degree since 1991 and that of secondary degree since 1994. Assorted private computing machine preparation Centres have been playing critical function in circulating computing machine literacy in the state since the center of the 1990s. Many local computing machine preparation institutes are carry oning devel oping programmes jointly with assorted foreign universities and institutes. At present rather a few computing machine related magazines are being published on a regular basis. Some of these magazines besides release Multimedia or CD ( Compact Disk ) versions side by side paper printed editions. Programs for set uping Computer and IT Villages at Kaliakair in Gazipur territory off Dhaka and at Mohakhali in Dhaka City have been taken at authorities enterprise. When implemented the usage and civilization of computing machine and information engineering in Bangladesh will increase many times. INITIATIVES TAKEN BY THE GOVT. PRIVATE SECTOR TOSTREGTHEN OUR ICT SECTOR: Digital Bangladesh is presently the most normally used words in political relations, media, among the intellectuals and the civil societies. Since our Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina in her party s election pronunciamento pledged to develop a digital Bangladesh by 2021, it has given a great hope to the citizens of Bangladesh. It turned out to be an chance for our premier curate to be in the United States during the clip of election, and sing the Obama election run. Her acquisition has helped Awami League wining the election in Bangladesh in 2008 with Obama-like run strategy-the call for change , which has been responded widely by the Bangladeshi citizens. However, the focal point here is Digital Bangladesh, widely accepted by Bangladeshi people from all walks of life. Not excessively many people understood the construct of digital Bangladesh but they believed it, as something related to information engineering. It has been widely accepted by a good figure of immature electors, believ ing that the construct of Digital Bangladesh will work out most of our national crisis affecting corruptness, unemployment, illiteracy, poorness and price-hike. Even though without cognizing Bangladesh has already gone through a spot of experience on digitisation through few national degree of ICT undertakings, such as, Chittagong Customs Automation System, choice procedure of teletalk mobile user through cyberspace, undertaking initiated by the pervious authorities on machine-readable digital passport system and eventually the successful cybernation of national elector ID. However, we have full trust and religion in our freshly elected authorities, that hopefully one twenty-four hours, it will give us the gift of Digital Bangladesh, as promised, by twelvemonth 2021. But our cardinal inquiry here is how digital Bangladesh will be built and how will it impact on our day-to-day life, the economic system and society at big. Is digital Bangladesh a world or a practical dream made by our leaders to acquire our attending and precio us ballots? Digital Bangladesh is a uninterrupted procedure of development. For those who thinks that it can be developed in a specific clip and budget is perfectly incorrect. The whole procedure requires tonss of undertakings, for which we have to be prepared. After all, digitisation is the lone tract to economic success, quality instruction, public wellness and besides bring forthing transparence in administration with full public engagement. There should be no uncertainty that in 20th century the way to the information society is the lone way for the development of human civilisation. So our end is how we build this digital Bangladesh. The initial measure of constructing a Digital Bangladesh is developing a roadmap to digital Bangladesh, including undertakings, plans, working methodological analysis and timeline. In the election pronunciamento Awami League affirmed to resuscitate the ICT undertaking force formed during their last term. The ICT taskforce may originate the procedure of doing the roadmap. Their first work of the revived undertaking force would be to fix an e-readiness program to asses the current ICT resources and skilled human resources of Bangladesh. This may include measuring the current substructure, internet handiness, available skilled ICT professional, digitization degree of the state and others. After a good appraisal, the occupation will be to place the undertakings and plans that need to be focused, and all the sectors, including public and private that need enhancement and development. The ICT undertaking force must organize with the relevant stakeholders to work together in come oning diff erent undertakings. The stakeholders may include the authorities organic structures, for illustration, the ministry of finance, instruction, telecommunication and information ; and the educational institutes, ICT work groups including relevant the private sector organic structures. Different workgroups should be formed in assorted beds for assorted undertakings. A good working methodological analysis of diagnosing, design and executing should be followed to implement any digitisation undertaking within a strong instructional model. The work must be monitored carefully keeping planetary criterions. Few states, like, New Zealand, South Africa and Chile are nearing toward a similar end of digitisation for the past several old ages. Those patterns can be followed and if necessary international advisers and adviser squad could be hired. A good national connectivity is really much necessary in order to make the services provided by the information engineering. Access to the web in urban country must be improved at a more accelerated rate. High quality cyberspace services must be provided from metropolis to little stray countries with dependable anchor web. A backup web demands to be installed along with the current one, with the available current anchor system. An low-cost and subsidised monetary value must be provided to internet users in order to advance cyberspace usage with a proper preparation plan. A sustainable and dependable nation-wide web substructure will beef up the information main road of the state therefore extinguishing the digital divide between rural and urban countries. Decentralization and digital authorities services can be provided for all citizens. E-governance is another country meriting attending. Electronic administration is utilizing information engineering by the public sectors to supply service and information, and promoting citizens to take part democratically in the decision-making procedure by doing authorities more transparent and accountable. A good functionary web portal and information depositary demands to be developed to supply citizens with all necessary information from different authorities ministries. All kinds of signifiers and application should be available for download by the populace ; besides, to cut down bureaucratic complication, on-line entry can be added. For deriving transparence and cut downing corruptness, stamp command, revenue enhancement filing and secret plan allocation can besides be made through this web portal. In add-on, a good belongings record direction system needs to be developed to extinguish the difference on land ownership which leads to multitude of legal jobs and tribunal instanc es. The old manual system is non effectual. It provides no organized information, but generates hassle sing heritage and record transportation. For effectual use, these systems must hold Bengali interface, as our English reading and speech production capacity is relatively really low. Proper research must be done in Bengali character acknowledgment system, address reorganisation system and natural linguistic communication emanation system. Open beginning package, non-pirated and free package, should be encouraged to be used at all degrees of authorities ICT undertakings to minimise the cost. In add-on to this, we need to be concerned about the other portion of digitisation, which is cyber offense and information hacking, by protecting our systems against any malicious onslaught. Recently, Rajuk was victimized, where interlopers have hacked the system garnering valuable personal information of secret plan proprietors, demanding money for their secret plan installment. We need to larn these mistakes to protect our system and public consciousness. In order to make an advanced society, the instruction system must be foremost targeted. A separate digital web should be built to link all the educational institutes to portion resources, learning stuffs and research work, like it is in Sri Lanka, UK and USA. An advanced rhythm of university-industry relationship should be developed with digital coordination and resource-sharing. With the aid of distance acquisition and digital and audio acquisition system, instructors, pupils and vocational trainers from all over the state can get quality acquisition and digital abilities. With the aid of digital acquisition system, larning will non be limited to category suites merely. Technologies like digital library, picture talk, multimedia category room and knowledge-based information depository will better the employability, literacy and accomplishment of the state. A higher direction information system could be developed for the University Grant Commission to administrate and supervise all t he institutes under its control. All types of concern including little, average sized or large should integrate ICT through e-business and e-commerce. Our merchandises and services should be promoted in the planetary market with appropriate ICT technology-oriented selling schemes. For the concern community, inter-bank money transportation and dealing, loan system, L/C, finance, transportation, supply concatenation and recognition can be done electronically to supply a suited and friendly environment for the concern to vie with other states. A dedicated corporate web line can be built to actuate the concern community in ICT usage. The freshly installed Chittagong mechanization system can be a good illustration of how with less bureaucratism and rapidly, goods could be released, supplying more comfort to the concern environment. Online stock trading system would affect more bargainers from different communities to take part in capital market. The legal and the wellness system besides play a important function in all countries of the community. A knowledge-based online digital legal system dwelling of instance, records, jurisprudence and policies is of import for the judicial system. The attorneies should hold adequate resources available to support their clients every bit good as the Judgess to do determination reasonably. Without the entree of these stuffs justness will be difficult to accomplish for the hapless people. Digitization of the bench system will besides beef up the democratic procedure of the state. Even though the private wellness sector has developed their direction system, the populace sector is manner behind.A good patient-doctor direction system on all pubic infirmaries will better the wellness services in distant countries. New engineerings like telemedicine presently in usage as pilot undertakings can be used more loosely for supplying audience for particular instances on stray vicinities. Like the ben ch, a similar cognition depository system for the physicians and nurses will better the map of the wellness sector. Last but rebelliously non the least is the ICT sector, which is likely one of the most ignored sectors in the state. In order to develop a sustainable and efficient Digital Bangladesh, the authorities must foremost set their extreme attending in resuscitating this sector. Due to negligence and failed constabularies, the ICT sector has gone through tonss of ups and downs in the last few old ages. The authorities should take all necessary stairss to reengineer this sector from top to bottom to derive economic advantage like our adjacent state India. Through outsourcing, the state can gain more concern from the outside universe, which would play a critical function in the economic system. The last caretaker authorities has started the call centre concern by supplying licences to several companies. These companies are still in their initial phase supplying backend office services to western states. More call Centre markets are expected to be created in the hereafter. In order to acquire a portion of this market, the authorities should take proper enterprises in developing a skilled work force, with good English speech production quality and dependable, inexpensive telecommunication web. Finally, we have to develop a more adaptable and applicable ICT policy guaranting transparence supported by a proper legal model and promise for capacity edifice. The proposed ICT2003 had several defects, which needs proper rating procedure. However, the present authorities has five old ages to demo their success on how fast they are nearing towards their vision of 2021 of digital Bangladesh. Time is really short, the undertakings are many, and the outlooks are really high. The people are continuously supervising whether their leaders pre-election pledge of a Digital Bangladesh is being implemented decently. Barriers TO MAKE A DIGITAL BANGLADESH: Ours is one of the development state in the 3rd universe.As our authorities has taken luxuriant plan to do digital Bangladesh ; there are some barriers to obtain the ends. The barriers are as follows: Bangladesh has non sufficient engineering to do a digital Bangladesh. Internet base computing machine is non available. Our technological betterment is centered on Dhaka and others large metropoliss. Our computing machine based population is non equal. Political crises are one of the barriers behind this intent. Electricity job is besides haltering the procedure. Unadjusted allotments among different sectors. ICT sectors are non good developed. SUGGESTIONS TO OVERCOME THESE PROBLEMS: We shall now show our proposal to work out the job. One serious lacking of our policy shapers is, they ever look at the transit job as a aa‚ ¬Aâ€Å"physical problemaa‚ ¬A? and therefore enterprise to work out it through aa‚ ¬Aâ€Å"physical measuresaa‚ ¬A? merely. The fact is, transit job by nature has two facets: physical and administrative, and needs to be addressed consequently. Bangladesh govt. should get down its operation from upper degree. Internet must be used in territory and upazila degrees. ICT must be introduced to our people. Government should promote our people about digital Bangladesh. Employer must hold cognition about computing machine. Education sectors must be digitalized. THE BOTTOM LINE: Bangladesh is a hapless state with surplus of population and no famine of jobs. For such a state failure in any dearly-won plan may turn out fatal. We hope, in position of their legion failures in the past, we believe and request that this clip the concerned governments would endeavor for honest and intelligent solutions. Our govt. is seeking to develop our state. Vision 2021 is a maestro program over this intent. As our computing machine history is non enriched ; there are some barriers which hamper our objects. If our people sincere about utilizing computing machine and cyberspace ; digital Bangladesh aims will be achieved. For this authorities should guarantee better status.

Anglo Saxon Boast Essay Example

Anglo Saxon Boast Essay Example Anglo Saxon Boast Paper Anglo Saxon Boast Paper I am the astute descendant of Martha and John and the imposing model of two gallows, puckish boys. My superlative childhood was engulfed with the colors of my parents motherland, the aroma of family cooked meals, on a lukewarm summer nights, and with my household walls Jam-packed with melodious tempos. My oddly hazy adulthood entailed of incalculable hours painfully tackling books, constantly interpolating on the completion of the cruelty. Now, allow me drape your ears with my dear dexterity, And take my word that all shall be dumbfounded. Today, I shall reveal my superb language proficiencies: With godly talent, clutching new languages, Came like a breeze, as foreseeable. Nothing is of challenge to this genius learner, As it is sadly for the senseless societies. For this glorious conqueror sees no boundaries, As other weaklings do. Needing nothing more than a few days, To subjugate the nameless words. Amusing all who have had the advantage to Meet the authority of all languages, Understanding every word articulated. Doubt if you wish, for both you and I are mindful of Your minute probability to ever draw close to a revered Intellect. However, do not let my mere audacity seize your Insignificant enthusiasm. For I know you can always study.

Prepare an equity research report comparing the financial performance Assignment

Prepare an equity research report comparing the financial performance of your chosen retail company with the financial performan - Assignment Example Through prudent risk management and optimum allocation of resources and assets, the company has been able to withstand financial difficulties and turmoil and has been able to portray sound and stable financial outlook. Today the company now has over 900 stores worldwide which cater to wide demography of customers across the globe. The company was founded by the name of John David stores in 1981 with one shop in bury. In the financial year of 1989 the first London store was opened in Oxford Street. One of the most important landmarks in the history of the company was the floatation of its equity stock in the year 1996. At this point of time, the company had around 56 stores. Subsequent to the issuance of equity in the market, the revenue growth of the company started increasing with rapid pace. The company acquired affiliations with international sports brands such as Addidas, Nike and Reebok and thus it was able to establish substantial present in the retail industry. The company not only focused on organic growth but it also expanded through merger and acquisitions. In the financial year 2002, JD sports acquired nearly 200 stores and the highlight among them the acquisition of first sport, a renowned sport retailer. In the financial year 2005, the company was also able to purchase more than 70 stores from Allstores which further established its position as the leading UK retailer in sports wear merchandise. The primary operations of the company reside in UK, Ireland and in France. 1.2 Overview of the current operations In the financial year 2012, the company acquired Blacks, another leading sports retailer in the industry. With the acquisition of Blacks, the JD group comprises of four divisions being Sport Fascias, Fashion Fascias, Outdoor and Distribution. The current primary business of the company is retail and the other businesses of the company acts as support activities. JD Sports have made substantial investment in brands, business, multi-channel and ot her infrastructure to improve and enhance the financial outlook of the company. The company has also made substantial investment in the current year for expanding its business to greater horizons such as Spain, Ireland and France. The company was able to open its first store in Spain in March 2012. The following is a brief financial analysis of various operational segment of the company: 1.3 Sports Fascias The Sport Fascias of JD sports plc comprises of JD, Size, Chausport, Sprinter and Champion sports. During the financial year of 2012, the revenue of the company increased by 16.3% and its market share also hiked as compared to the prior years. The gross margin of the company, however, experienced a marginal decrease from 51% (2011) to 50.8% (2012). This decrease was primarily due to the lower margin business of Champion and Sprinter. The operating profit of the segment experienced a hike of about ?1 million. 1.4 Fashion Fascias The fashion fascias comprises of Bank, Scotts and Gec il Gee. During the current financial year, the total revenue of the company increased by 13.2% and the gross margin of the segment decreased by marginally from 49% to 48.5%. 1.5 Outdoor After the acquisition of Blacks, a new reporting segment by the name of Outdoor has been created. At the time of the acquisition, the operations of Blacks were in adverse position and it required a considerable efforts and time of the managements to bring them to a reasonable position. The acquisition took place three months

Critical evalluation of the extent to which institutional factors Essay

Critical evalluation of the extent to which institutional factors influence inward and outward FDI - Essay Example However, it is difficult to measure the various institutional factors and therefore the extent to which it influences inward and outward FDI is a subjective issue. The issue of â€Å"institutional distance† has been found to have an influence on both the inward and the outward FDI. Institutional distance is the difference in the quality of institutions between two or more countries. Quere et al. (2007) studied the determinants of FDI and concluded that â€Å"raising the quality of institutions and making them converge towards those of source countries may help developing countries to receive more FDI, hence help them to catch up, independently of the indirect impact of higher GDP per capita†. It is widely known that good quality institutions have a positive impact on the inflow and outflow of FDI. Some scholars suggest that institutional differences may be a source of comparative advantages, some sectors being more ‘institution-intensive’ than others, and t hat this could be a source of more trade flows. To the extent that trade and FDI are complements, this could raise FDI too. Good governance is one of the institutional qualities which are thought to positively affect the flow of FDI. Globerman and Shapiro (2002) studied the impact of the main components of the governance indicators on both inflows and outflows of a country’s FDI. They concluded that good governance encouraged both FDI inflows and outflows; although the impact of good governance on the outflow of FDI only applies to relatively large and developed countries. However, measuring governance is a subjective task which varies from one research to another. Some studies concentrates on one country yet trade flow involves at least two countries. Since FDI flows can move on either direction, governance of all the countries involved should be scrutinized in order to determine the actual impact of governance on both in-flows and out-flows of FDI. The tax system of a host country is another determinant of FDI. If a tax system of a country is set in a manner that the products and services of foreign firms are more taxed than those of the local firms, the inward flow of FDI is likely to be reduced. This is because the foreign firms would have a challenge in setting the prices of their goods and services; in order to make profits, they might be forced to set their prices above those of the local firms thus leading to lower than expected sales. On the other hand, imposing heavy taxes on the products and services of the local firms may hamper their growth. For this reason, the local firms may not grow to become MNEs and thus affecting the outward FDI. However, heavy taxes on the local firms may lead to investment in other countries where the tax rates of taxation is relatively lower. This will lead to increased out-flow of FDI. Corruption is also another institutional factor which is known to determine the flow of FDI. Many researchers have found that cor ruption increases the cost of investment and lead to reduced expected revenues. Taking corruption to mean â€Å"paying certain individuals in order to get an investment opportunity in the host country†, it would negatively affect the inward flow of FDI. In addition, the misuse of public funds and resources by

Argument for the Abolishment of the Death Penalty

Argument for the Abolishment of the Death Penalty Alvin Soo Death penalty is the capital punishment that has authorization to kill someone as the crimes punishment. The first country that started the death penalty is Babylon. It established the death penalty law at eighteenth century. There are many methods of death penalty that develop over the centuries such as shooting, poisoning, hanging, and others. In the modern century, there are many countries are using the death penalty in the law punishment such as Malaysia, China, and others. According to the website, theguardian, China has the most number of people sentenced to death and its most common death penalty method is shooting. The murderers eyes are covered and their back is facing the shooter. Then the shooters will start firing until the murderers are dead. Death penalty has been a popular discussion since some countries are taking the lead to abolish death penalty. People are debating whether the death penalty should be abolished. In this era, death penalty need to be abolished from t he law because it has negative effects on society, family, and economy. First of all, death penalty is encouraging the racial discrimination. According to the Death Penalty Information Center, most of the death punishments are sentenced to the minority races such as African-American. It is a norm that the society has racial discrimination because people like to be in a group, which has people of similar race or culture. When there is an outsider that doesnt have similarity, they will neglect that outsider and may treat him differently. This is not just happening in the society; it also happens in court. When the judge and jury are making decision in front of the justice, they are still having bias when deciding the punishment because everyone has prejudice and discrimination. Based on NAACP Criminal Justice Department (2017), the death penalty will affect the victims race especially white. This proves that the death penalty is supporting the racial discrimination. Secondly, death penalty is not eliminating the devious from the society. In the modern society, everyone is educated to follow the rules to avoid from committing the crime. However, everyone is not educated to be forgiving sin. Although crimes happened, the murderers are deserved to be given another chance to change their bad behavior and thinking. The devious cannot be stopped by killing the murderers. Instead, the murderers needed be educated in prison to gain the forgiveness and decrease the crime rate. Besides that, death penalty also increases the crime rate. Originally, death penalty is used to discourage the people committing crime by making them scare because one of the humans fears is death. Death penalty also can save other lives by eliminated the people who committed crime but it doesnt help to decreasing the crime rate. Article by Bonner and Fessenden (2000) supports that the states that have no death penalty are having lower of slaughter rate. This is because the death p enalty is replaced by culture and religion. Thirdly, death penalty is having negative effect on moral ethnicity. Moral ethnicity is teaching about the principle of moral. It lets people know that everyone is equal and they are given the same human right even though they committed crime. However, death penalty is giving the wrong ethnicity to the society and family. It is promoting a concept, which the murderers are deserved to have deaths sentence because they committed crime. When that concept is spread into the society, the people will be influenced and may cause more crime happens. The reason is because people will choose to do the death sentence to the murderer without authorization and legal process. In the other hand, it is not right to take over other people life no matter who they are. Slaughter people are against the law; death sentence is also slaughtering people. The only difference between these two is on is illegal and other one is legal. In the view of morality, both are the same because killing people is an amor ality. Fourthly, death penalty is impacting the family education negatively. Family is an important thing in life because everything is started from that first. If death penalty is not abolished, the children will become more extreme with aggressive family education. As mentioned above, death penalty will affect the society and family. If the perspective of death penalty can regulate the society and family. There will be more aggressive family appears and cause the violent crime arise. For an example, if children are having the aggressive punishment because they did the non-moral things like stealing, fighting, and others. Are the parents going to say that they are deserve to have that punishment? Definitely no, because parents have the responsibility to let the children know that whats wrong with that attitude and admit it instead of using the extreme and aggressive punishment to make them afraid. Moreover, death penalty is also affecting the family to be broken. When the murders are sentenced to death, their families are going to be the victim. Death penalty is going to bring the unhappiness to the murderers family and cause the family falls apart eventually. When one of the family members is executed, the rest are going to have tough life especially children. If the children dont have their parents in their childhood, they are more likely to commit crime when they grow up. Based on the news that written by Steve Doughty, the incomplete familys children more likely to fall into the society devious. This proves that the death penalty can cause negative effect on family. In addition, death penalty will also affect the country. Death penalty will give the country bad impression. A mentioned in introduction, death penalty is already existed in 18th century. This law is old and not efficient to control the safety of country. Instead, government should use other law to substitute the death penalty. If the country can abolish the death penalty, it will give a good impression to the international community. That will cause the relationship between the country become better. When there is a country taking the lead to abolish the death penalty, the other countries in the international community will follow it. This will encourage the countries to have globalization within each other. Globalization is the process that the organization develop international influence such as international trade. Country can use the globalization to make its economy become better. It can use international trade to export the produced goods and services. This will increase the G ross Domestic Product (GDP), which is the countrys economy. Death penalty is also costly to the government expenses. According to Chammah(2014), cost of capital punishment is increasing because the wage is increasing. The government needs to hire the worker to in charge of the death penalty. This recruitment is not just hire one worker. Instead, government is going to hire a group of people. Therefore, this will cause the government expenses to increase. When the government needs to find more resources to cover the expense. It will either increase the tax or decrease the other expenses. Increasing taxes will increase the burden of taxpayer and decrease the other expanses will decrease the benefit such as unemployment benefit. Both of this method will decrease the economy. In some peoples perspective, death penalty should be remained because the murderers have no right to decide whether they are sentenced to death. Lets think this in different view point. If one of the murderers is the family member, the perspective of death penalty will be different. The murderers family will appeal to the death penalty because it is too cruel to take away their lives. As the previous paragraph mentioned, everyone should be treated as same and have equal right. Therefore, death penalty should be eliminated from law. In conclusion, I agree and totally support to abolishment of death penalty because death penalty is negatively affecting the family, society, economy, and country. It is also having the bad influence on morality and culture. In order to make the children and countrys future better, death penalty have to be eliminated. References Part I: History of the Death Penalty. (n.d.). Retrieved February 07, 2017, from http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/part-i-history-death-penalty NAACP Death Penalty Fact Sheet. (2017, January 18). Retrieved February 07, 2017, from http://www.naacp.org/latest/naacp-death-penalty-fact-sheet/ Bonner, R., Fessenden, F. (2000, September 21). ABSENCE OF EXECUTIONS: A special report.; States With No Death Penalty Share Lower Homicide Rates. Retrieved February 07, 2017, from http://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/22/us/absence-executions-special-report-states-with-no-death-penalty-share-lower.html Doughty, S. (2008, October 21). Broken home children are five times more likely to suffer mental troubles Broken home children are five times more likely to suffer mental troubles . Retrieved February 7, 2017, from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1079510/Children-broken-homes-times-likely-suffer-mental-troubles-says-Government-study.html Dieter, R.C. (1998). The Death of Penalty in America: Current Controversies. H. A. Bedau (Ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.

Development Strategy of Luxury Company Essay

1. Introduction â€Å"As long as there is a society, there will always be fashion†. It was not surprised a fashion brands, especially a luxury fashion brands became a national treasure which effect the issues in business, political and social area in European countries. Since the Hermas established in 1837, a special development strategy model has formed and matured in European luxury group. Daniele de winter, the CEO of Daniele de Winter Cosmetics state that â€Å"the secret of successful fashion management is a complete blend of creative genius and business management acumen, skill and resourcefulness†. The develop strategy is the key issue for a successful luxury fashion company. With the development of economy and the increase of income, more and more luxury fashion companies expand their business into Asia- Pacific region, especially the Hong Kong and mainland China market. According to the annual report of Richemont, The Pinault-Printemps-Redoute (PPR), Hemes, Bulberry and other luxury fashion companies, the sale revenue of Asia- Pacific region accounts for more than 30% of the Group total revenue. The Change of Global Luxury Fashion Market. The word â€Å"luxury† origin from Latin word â€Å"luxuria†, which means an item that â€Å"is expensive and enjoyable but no essential (Waite, 2012)†. In 186 BCE, the victory of army of Gnaeus Manlius Vulso brought such overseas luxury as bronze couches, and costly cloth spreads into Rome. For some Roman historians, the triumph of Vulso marked as the beginning of luxury industry in Europe. With the development of centres, modern luxury fashion industry has become a cross-sectors industry which offers high price goods and service for target consumers. However, in the space of two decades, the modern luxury market has changed beyond recognition. The narrow range of need and demand of target consumers and the exclusive- distribution channels, represented by French Fashion, have been replaced by a mass industry, accompanied by expansion brands with an affordable price by a wider range of consumers. Since the beginning of 1990s, the luxury industry has been recognised and restructured by designers and the fashion designers become the creator of art. According to the statistics from France Economic and Social Council in 2008 (France Economic and Social Council, 2008), with the strategy of â€Å"physical shop/ store† and expansion brands benefit seven million euros. Depending on the diversion and internationalisation, the luxury industry becomes an industry with wider consumers. For example, Hemes, managed by Jean-Louis Dumas, diversities their goods and creates new products. The French luxury manufacture gets a successful on brand art by purchasing crystal brand Saint Louis and Silversmith Puiforcat. Similarly, Richemont Family, the main competitor of French brand, also control numbers of brands, such as Carites, Baume & Mercier and Van Cleef & Arpells. The second change of luxury industry is the transformation from the handmade custom to industrial standardisation. Taking LVMH as example, there are three cores of product, as wines and spirit, luggage and leather, and fashion and perfume industry. The famous brands in luxury world, like as Moet & Chandon, Loewe, Vuitton, Givenchy, Kenzo, Dior and Guerlain, standardise the products like other heavy industries. Along with the profit-seeking financial logic, the marketing and the product standardisation become the major notion with the concept of large-scale product. In the new centre, the concept of luxury industry and the demand of consumers are changing all the time. â€Å"Heritage and Prestige† is the landmark of lots of luxury brands and the enduring value of numbers of particular brands. Comparing with the old style luxury brand â€Å"which used to be a heritage brand† (Coste-Maniere, et al. , 2012), the new concept of luxury, developed by Louis Vuitton and Burberry, means accepted by more consumers. For the occasional customers, they just enjoy the â€Å"right of luxury† in physical store against with the traditional customer-exclusive. In the new era, increasing the number of customers buy the fashion product they could afford, rather than become the royal consumer due to the high price. Consequently, emphasis of consumer need and the competitive advantage means centralising the core value and expending brand boundary simultaneously. 2. 2 The Development Strategy Model of Luxury Fashion Brand The luxury fashion brand originate in European countries which have plentiful historical and cultural background. With the development of servial centres, the luxury fashion industry in European, American and Japanese have become mature and standarlisation. Under this circumstance, the strategy of luxury development in western countries centralize on the brand expansion, striving for the core products and development of brand reputation. 2. 2. 1 Brand Expansion: the Foundational Strategy Under the press of financial-seeking strategy and the changeable of luxury market, the old style luxury fashion brand faces the challenge of development in the mature market in traditional European, American and Japanese region. Under this circumstance, the expansion of brands has become the foundational strategy for a large number of luxury fashion corporates, which offer a new opportunity to stress the brand image, the most significant assets for a luxury fashion company. (Albrecht, et al. , 2013; Uggla & Lashgari, 2012; Hoffmann & Coste-Maniere, 2012)Many luxury companies breakthrough the traditional product boundary and expensed their business into new market segmentations. For instance, Louis Vuitton, beginning with luggage, invested in other creative spheres: ready-to-wear industry as well as jewellery market (LVMH, 2012), and Gucci, beginning with leather goods, developed all sets of fashion products including leather goods, shoes, ready-to-wear, watches, jewellery and other products. (PPR, 2012). Meanwhile, there are some companies expensed segments into non-traditional area. For example, the luxury jewellery manufacture Bulgari and Italian brand Versace started to offer hotel under their brand (LVMH, 2012) and Armani provide different products from books, furniture and chocolates to restaurants, bars and spas. The another Italian luxury brand, Roberro Cavalli, famous for its fashion apparel for young generation, offer wine and vodka as well as run coffee bar (The Cavalli Caffe) and club (The Cavalli Club). 2. 2. 2 Striving for the Core: The Product Strategy For a global corporate, it is common rules of development depend on the core production or service and then diversification. However, even as diversification, the excellence core production and the strongest sectors within the luxury brands continued to earn the majority of its profits from the traditional products. (Ahrendts, 2013; Beverland, 2005; Miller & Mills, 2012). For luxury consumer, they expect to acquire a honorable brands and product so that they emphase on the value of core heritage. The leather goods, the core of Gucci Group, earn 59% of its revenue in 2012 (PPR, 2012). The iconic luggage is the tradition from the time corporate was founded and become the brand image of the LVMH Group. (LVMH, 2011) The turning of Burberry from a ageing British brand to a global luxury brand is a successful product strategy transition. Before 2006, through in a burgeoning global market. Burberry faced a low growth at a rate of 2 percentage every year and two competitors – LVMH and PPR had more than 12 times and 16 times Burberry’s sale revenue. By surving the sectors among Burberry products all over the world, the results indicate the outerwear, as the core, only accourted of 20% of Burberry’s global brand business. Figure 1: the Facts and Financial Statistics of Burberry (Resource from: Burberry, Yahoo Finance) [pic] After brainstorming and formalizing from the administrative board, the New Jersey factore which is making polo shirts was closed and invested in the Casteford factory in Yorkshire which make the heritage trech coat included traditional rainwear and exclusive waterproof gabardine. Burberry also hire Christopher Bailey as the global designer for innovation of core products. The facts and financial statistic of Burberry from 2006 to 2012 in Figure 1 showed that the decision to focus on the heritage opened up a wealth of creativity. By the end of 2012, the sale revenues and operating income had doubled than previous 5 years, achieving $3 billion and $600 billion respectively. (Burberry, 2007; Burberry, 2012) 2. 2. 3 The Brand Reputation: The Brand Strategy The brand is the most valuable part of luxury goods and the motivity of luxury consumption. Once separating from the luxury brand, the goods is the ordinary one. Every successful company sees the brand as the most valuable fortune. they use the advanced marketing logic and marketing operation to motivate the development, explore approaches to express the value and connotation of brands to luxury consumers and attract the royality of customers. As a tool of art, a carrier of history, and a spirit of classic, building-up a high quiality reputation is brand strategy for luxury companies. Since founded in 1847, Cartier, as one of the most established name in the jewellay market, is the reference of ture and timeless luxury. Designing by Cartier, the product distinguishes itself by the unique skills and excellence in design and execution. Nearly in 30 years, the extensive art activities are not competitive without the support by the Foundation Crtier pour l’Art Contemporain (Richemont, 2013). With the development of brand reputation, Cartier is the synonym of modern art and a pioneering approach. Meanwhile, most of luxury brands come from the centre of Renaissance 2. 3 The Features of Chinese Luxury Market Chinese market places the second place in the world of luxury consumption, surpassing the United States since 2008. Along with Japan, China is the strongest market with the increasing demand of 20 percentages. The consulting report from Glob Advantage estimate there are 18 thousand billionaires, 440 thousand multimillionaires and increasing the number of middle class achieving 250 million in 2015 in today’s China (Degen, 2009), which have the strong purchase power and need of luxury fashion industry. Even with the influence of the financial crisis, the sale revenue of luxury fashion in the mainland China rose by 16 percent, reaching about 64 billion RMB. The market research about Chinese market laid a foundation for the development and expansion strategy of luxury brands. The shifting attitudes to luxury brands, the greater sophistication of Chinese consumers and the new geographic markets have become the main features of Chinese luxury market. The three characteristics drive the global strategy of development for luxury brands. Figure 2 According to the survey of McKinsey & Company (KPMG, 2013), with the rapidly increase of income, more and more Chinese consumers shifts the attitude to luxury and feel comfortable to purchasing luxury products. The rich consumers which income over 300,000 RMB continued occupy the majority of the luxury purchase. Meanwhile, the statistics show that, the upper middle class (between 100,000 RMB and 200,000 RMB), which account for 22% of luxury goods purchase by the end of 2015, as the Figure 2 suggested, offers the biggest new growth opportunity. 2. 3. 1 The increasing number of overseas travel In the information era, Chinese consumers have become more sophisticated than before. With the surge in the number of luxury stores, fashion magazine, the Web official site and the use of social media, Chinese consumers familiar with the luxury brands with the help of Internet, overseas travel, and the first-hand experience. For example, the research result indicated that in the last 12 months, the Hong Kong, Taiwan, Macro and Europe become the main destinations of overseas luxury purchase. Figure 3: Where did you purchase your cosmetics in the last 12 months? (Resource from: Global Reach of China Luxury of KPMG) [pic] 2. 3. 2 The increase of new market segmentation The rapidly growth of urbanisation and individual wealth emerge large quantity of geographic markets with sizable pools of luxury-goods consumptions. The luxury purchase and sale revenue of some medium and small cities, such as Qingdao in Shandong province and Wuxi in Zhejiang province, tripled than the previous 5 years. In the following years, the luxury consumption in these medium and small cities will achieve the same level with Hangzhou and Nanjing, the most developed market in mainland China, the sale of which will arrive at RMB 500 million yuan and account for 76% of whole market. 2. 3. 3 The increasing of Counterfeit goods Love for luxury, preference for counterfeit is a unique phenomenon in luxury consumption in Chinese luxury market. According to a report entitled â€Å"Transnational Organized Crime in East Asia and the Pacific† from Office on Drugs and Crime, almost 70% of global counterfeits luxury goods come from China and the value of counterfeit luxury goods imported into traditional luxury market on the order of $25 billion annually. In a confusion society , the luxury consumption of Chinese consumers become more irrationally than western consumer, which depended on the extenral need rather internal need (Zhang & Kim, 2013). For Chinese consumers, luxury brands are somethings â€Å"must to have† for them to reinforce their social status. however, the wealth gap between the rich and the poor in China is the largest all over the world, which offer the passion for consumption of luxury counterfeits. The young generation, aged 25 to 34 with limited budget for genuine luxury fashion goods, racked up nearly a quarter fo fake fanciers. 2. 4 The Passion for Luxury Consumption of Chinese consumers China is the second largest luxury market all over the world and attracting the attention of consumption of Chinese consumers. Under the influence of unique economic situation, cultural background and social factor, the behaviour of Chinese consumers in luxury fashion market have the distinctive characteristics. The bling factor influenced by economic situation, the saving face affected by the Confucianism and group orientation as the social factor drive the luxury consumption in Chinese fashion market. 2. 4. 1 The â€Å"Bling† Factor With the emerging of Internet, fashion magazines and social media, more and more Chinese consumers know the brands of luxury brands. However, the cultural concept and history of the luxury fashion brands are far away from numbers of Chinese luxury consumers. For many luxury fashion firms, there is not one typical luxury customer in China due to the different habits, different tastes and different income levels. The â€Å"bling† factor or following the whole market trend remains an important factor for the Chinese consumer in luxury fashion market. For example, according to luxury consumer report of Chinese market, almost 60 percent of the respondents in Tier 1 cities including Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Beijing, Shanghai and other Tier 2 cities, stated that the key drivers for luxury consumption is the willingness to pay a product that just is popular or fashionable goods. Exclusivity or unique is an important understanding of luxury brand for Chinese consumption. There are about one fifth of customers consider that they will pay the luxury goods that are known and appreciated by the minority rather than the famous one. In terms of China’s unique cultural background, the Chinese consumers consider luxury brand value influenced by Confucianism. In the concept of Confucian, the notion of â€Å"mianzi† is defined as a reputation â€Å"achieved through getting on in through success and ostentation†. (Hu, 1944; Dong & Lee, 2007) The traditional cultural understanding and effecting about the face saving becomes the strongest and most conspicuous passion for luxury consumption, which means concerning about the impress to other and the visual display than the level of income. The Chinese consumer in luxury world trend to pay a premium product on the luxury brand rather than essential goods in daily life, due to strong desire and pressure of maintaining face. Taking the finding of KPMG as the example, comparing with the apparel, the stronger growth of market for fashion accessories is considerable. Nearly 40% of luxury consumers enjoy the luxury experiences and â€Å"the right of luxury† in a physical store/shop over purchases of luxury items. Overall, the face saving (saving mianzi) relates to the individual image of worth and reputation within a collectivism society. As the result, Chinese consumers are often careful not to lose face by standing out from the crowed when consuming luxury goods. The general strategy Although the market has its particular features, the development of luxury fashion strategy in Chinese luxury market is followed the general rules of luxury firms in global market. As the foundation strategy, the brand extension and production diversification also provide the base of the development in Chinese luxury market. The apparel, handbag, jewellery, fashion accessories and luxury servicers are offered in mainland China, especially in Tier 1 cities like Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou. Promoting the sale revenue of the core products in mainland China, as the product strategy, enhances the brand awareness in Chinese market. Expanding the influence, luxury fashion firms invest large amount of money to popularize the brand reputation as a simple of elegance and grandeur as well as the means of fashion and art. The marketing strategy: raising brand awareness. Due to the lower brand awareness and lack of knowledge of brand value, the royalty of brand in Chinese market is lower than its in traditional European market. The special situation provides a strong externally powerful tool, which means not only expand the value of the luxury brand into a regular group of consumers, but also sway them making a purchase. In recent year, luxury fashion firm invest increasing the number of budget into Chinese market not only promote the brand awareness, but also help the consumers inform a notion about †luxury goods and luxury lifestyle† and why they should purchase luxury goods and luxury services. The brand building-up develop based not only the advertising on hard paper and television, also included the display on luxury goods exhibition and the customised publications. Nowadays, more and more luxury fashion goods exhibition held in Beijing, Shanghai and other cities, which offer a good opportunity for Chinese consumers to visit the luxury goods frequently displayed in store. Meanwhile, more and more consumers visiting the exhibition are not an onlooker. The localisation strategy. The luxury fashion brand with high brand awareness contain the European and American culture and value which is living standard of high level, the product and design of high quality. Those values accepted by and attract young generation who trend to, however, it is not accepted by all Chinese consumers who have their own value. Respecting to Chinese traditional culture and integrated it into the product value is the essential of luxury fashion business in China. For example, Louis Vuitton setting Du Juan, the one of top Chinese model all over the world, and advertising as the Chinese image step one right place on direction and help western luxury fashion companies overcome the cultural barriers. This kind of strategy could build up strong attachments among Chinese consumers and help them accepted the unique characteristic of luxury fashion brands. The pricing strategy Price is one of the most significant signals in Chinese business world. For most Chinese consumers, price represented the value of luxury fashion goods. As a result, the luxury fashion products should not go on discount, no matter what the consumer is. The pricing strategy about goods, especially about core products, could bolster a brand’s prestige. For other items, companies could adjust the price according to the market condition and the inventory in order to long-term brand building. The retailing strategy A stupendous store belongs to the luxury fashion company located in the luxury area build up a sense of important and identified by the market. The luxury fashion positioning enhanced if the boutiques are visible to a lot of consumer in major fashion cities. The landmark stores opened in Chinese Tier 1 cities, such as Beijing, Hangzhou and Guangzhou, are the best locations to building the brand image and attracting the target customer groups. The commercial centres and shopping malls in luxury area are welcomed by most of fashion lovers, luxury followers and luxury intellectuals. Meanwhile, the investment on the landmark store is the best and effective way to generate profits and build-up brand royalty. In an Internet era, shopping online has become the major shopping way, especially for the young people. Although most luxury fashion companies have shied away from online channels due to the fearing that e-commerce might reduce the value of the luxury brand. However, for a long-term return and brand building, online platform provides not only a purchase channel, but also an information exchange channel between luxury fashion brand and Chinese consumers. With the developing of GDP and individual income of consumers, the global luxury fashion market and such the emerging market as China, have become the strategic focus of luxury market researcher and the consult company. This report attempts to identify development strategy of the luxury fashion brand, especially in mainland China market through the analysis of the change of global luxury fashion brand, overview of Chinese luxury market and the passion for luxury consumption. All those factors were identified depend on a comprehensive review of luxury fashion goods related researches and market consulting reports. The findings of this study provide a new insight of global and Chinese luxury fashion market for the consumers who interests the luxury fashion brand and a clear strategy guide for market managers of the luxury fashion firms, particular in the time of the company expand their business in mainland China. In addition, the study helps reduce the risks and costs of market research and helps the company overcome the huge gap in a multicultural business environment. First, the findings about the global luxury fashion market and the general development strategy in luxury fashion market all over the world indicated that the achieving the growth while remaining exclusive positioning, and attracting more consumers without losing cachet of brand value is the core strategy for every luxury corporates. The more loyal consumers may weaken due to the popular brands launched in the market because they choose pay a premium goods that majority and identified by small group. Consequently, the balance between growth and unique, the price and quality may be tougher in China than in any other market. However, customization develops quickly as the new trend of luxury fashion industry. The customizing activities have launched in different business sectors, but which is yet adopted by the luxury industry on a board. At presents, the customization just limited on the area of fashion accessories, apparel, handbags, and jewellery, and emphasising on customizing standard products, point of delivery customization and service and producing bespoke goods. Secondly, the increasing the number of consumers, overseas traveller, new market segments and the counterfeits goods have become the main features in the Chinese luxury fashion market in recent years. The features are important of stress the benefits of investment in mainland China. Based on the research findings, International marketers should setting extension strategy that is coherent with branding, merchandising and global image by serving China’s globetrotting shoppers, striking the balance between store numbers and quality and focusing anti-counterfeit goods. For Chinese globetrotting shoppers, the customer relationship management should emphasis global view rather than on mainland China. In the view of higher management board, the corporate organisational structure of the luxury fashion company should reflect the significant of Chinese market by sorting up the processes for generating direct communication between Chinese luxury consumers and the home headquarter. Based on the new market segmentation, the luxury company should upgrade current stores and outlets in order to keep consistent with the global image and emphasis on the business in Tier 1 cities. As the market statistics indicated that the luxury counterfeit goods have become the barriers for development in China, including seizing sale revenue and weakening brand value. Luxury fashion companies should co-operate with customs officials to seize fake goods at ports. Working with international national organisation or international associations should be the third path for anti-counterfeit activities. The co-operation should ranges from such international associations as World Intellectual Property to regional groups like US-focused International Anti-Counterfeits Coalition. Thirdly, the research findings about the passions for Chinese luxury fashion consumption indicated that the â€Å"bling† customers who lack of knowledge about luxury fashion goods or just following the trend account of a part of Chinese luxury consumers. Besides that, Chinese luxury consumption deeply influenced by saving faces and group orientation, which are the part of traditional Confusion value. Targeting different drivers of luxury consumption, managers should have different strategies. For the bling customers, the global luxury firms should invest in improving the brand awareness and expanding the brand value, which could offer a global opportunity to attracting potential customers and building loyalty and repeat customer groups. For the consumers who care about saving face, International luxury fashion markers should draw the outline of visual and outward appearance of rank and status when unfolding their marketing activities. Meanwhile, the companies should emphasise the brand’s country of origin, so the Chinese consumers have the confident to identified and distinguished with other mass products. In addition, the package of luxury goods also need to be recognisable in order to fit the moderate and lifestyle associated with Chinese consumers. Furthermore, in light of the results about group orientation, the management board company should stress the profit of luxury fashion goods as a symbol of social marker and the sale assistants inspire consumer purchases because of the goods could generate a sense of group belonging and conformity of the elite. Due to the group belonging, a special attention should be given to the layout of the physical store and the luxury service of sale staff. No matter who is the consumer, friends will be involved during the decision making process and become potential consumers in the future. Proving high-quality services and creating luxury experience for non-buyers also benefit for making sure that the brand accepted by group and that the consumer does not stand out from others. Finally, about the current expansion strategy in mainland China market, most of luxury fashion companies emphasis the strategy on marking, localization, pricing and retailing coherent with the global business aims. Raising brand awareness and expressing the luxury lifestyle lay the foundation of marketing strategy. In order to respect to Chinese traditional culture, luxury brands should integrate Chinese culture and art into design, package, and store layout of products, which accepted easily by Chinese consumers in different social class. Meanwhile, the research findings indicated that the price is the most important factor which influenced Chinese luxury consumption. Luxury marketers should balance the price between Chinese market and overseas. As for the retailing strategy, the luxury brand stresses the developing of boutiques store and the setting up online distribution channels. However, there are several special attention should be given to price gap between China and overseas, and the online distribution channels. On one hand, comparing with that rarely go on discount in mainland China, the luxury fashion goods is often at a discount at overseas, especially for the non-core products and in the time of Christmas or Summer Sale. On the other hand, the high rate of tax and fees raise up the price of luxury fashion goods in mainland China. According to the law and regulations in China, a luxury fashion goods, such as the eye cream of Estee Lauder native to the UK, is imported into Chinese market with 10% import tariff, 30% consumption tax, 5% sales tax and 17% value-add tax. Including the managing fees, advertising costs and other issues, the price of the eye cream is double in the UK. In the respect of the luxury company, the appreciate discount in Chinese market could promote the desire of consumption and boost the sale revenue; in the respect of tax policy makers in mainland China, reducing the rate of import tariff and consumption tax of international luxury fashion goods could Finally, luxury fashion goods, as a subject of nature, play different or scenarios, different income level, education background, and social – economic factors, as well as exam the type of relationship that seek from luxury fashion brands. On the view of passions for luxury consumption, there are many other drivers, such as collection, appreciation, should take the consideration into further research.